|
S.R.Krishnan
Introduction
Laughter, is one of the emotional feelings expressed by the human beings. Laughter acts like a medicine and
brings a sense of lightness and freshness. It infuses a new spirit in the human beings. It is to be noted that, while both human beings and animals can weep, it is only the human beings that can laugh. Though all
the people laugh, it is only a few can make others to laugh by their humorous talk. On the pretext of making others to laugh one should not hurt other's feeling. On the other hand, humours should amuse others. It
should be capable of removing the sorrow, at least temporarily.
Almost all the monarchs had jesters attached to their Courts to crack jokes and amuse them. Birbal, was a famous court jester of Emperor Akbar
and Tenalirama was the favourite court jester of King Krishnadevaraya.
Krishnadevaraya ruled the Vijayanagar empire in the early part of sixteenth century. The Vijayanagar empire in his time comprised the
whole of Southern India. Timma Arasu was the great commander and minister of Krishnadevaraya. The people of Southern India know King Krishnadeva and his minister Timma Arasu by the names of Rayar and Appagi-Rayar.
Tenalirama, who got the blessings of Goddess Kali, was capable of facing any situation and he had the right word and the right action, to provoke the king and his courtiers, to laughter. He was also a great
scholar and a poet. He was the author of 'Panduranga Mahathmium, Ghatikachal Mahathmium and Linga purana.' The king used to discuss problems with him. He became so famous that, if somebody wants to praise the sense
of humour of any person he will be called as Tenalirama. As usual with jesters everywhere, Tenalirama enjoyed many privileges in Krishnadevaraya's court.
Early childhood of Tenalirama
During the early
part of the sixteenth century, in a village called Garlapadu in the Krishna District of Andhra State, there lived a couple named Ramaiah and Lakshmamma. They were blessed with a male child. They named him as
Ramakrishna. Ramakrishna lost his father when he was very young. So, Lakshmamma along with his son returned to her native place Tenali and lived there with her brother. She fed herself and her son by doing some odd
jobs in the neighbourhood. Since, Tenali was the native place of Ramakrishna, he used to be called as Tenaliramakrishna or simply Tenalirama. Tenalirama's mother was very anxious to see his son become a learned man.
But, teachers belonging to a particular cult, who were dominating there at that time refused to teach him. Tenalirama did not feel for that and wandered as a free bird. His mother felt miserable that her son was
utterly an illiterate. Only at the age of ten, Tenalirama grew a little more sensible and realised that he is illiterate. He approached many pandits and offered to be a disciple. But, to his disappointment all of
them turned down his offer. Tenalirama never lose heart. He vowed to get enough education.Tenalirama told his mother about his desire and got her blessings. From then onwards, everyday he would stand nearby the wall
of the classroom and attentively listen to the lessons taught inside the room. He was not spared to do that also. He was made to flee away from there. Of course, the teacher understood the boy's yearning for
education, and the hurdles he was facing. But, he was helpless and could do nothing other than to feel proud of him and bless him that one-day he will become a renowned scholar. Tenalirama, not knowing what to do
next, wandered aimlessly cursing his misfortune. When he became very tired, he sat before an old mansion and began to weep. At that moment, a Sage came there. He consoled Tenalirama. Tenalirama told his complete
history to the Sage. On hearing that, the Sage pitied for him and said, "My child, there is a Kalika temple nearby. The Devi will be pleased with those who pray with sincerity and devotion. She will also bless
them with boons. If you, repeat the incantation which I am going to whisper on your ears, in front of the Kali Devi a hundred and ten million times with great devotion she will appear before you. But do not get
frightened by her terrible appearance. By her blessings you will become a great scholar and all your wishes will be fulfilled." So saying, the sage went away. On a chosen day and time he went to the temple and
sat before the image of Kali, closed his eyes and began to chant the mantra as taught by the sage. Sitting motionless, completely forgotten of what is happening around, Tenalirama chanted the mantra the stipulated
number of times. Pleased with the devotion of Tenalirama, Kali appeared before him with her one thousand faces, two hands and fearful appearance. She told him, " I am Kalika Devi. I am pleased with your
devotion. Open your eyes and see me." Tenalirama opened his eyes and gazed at her. To Her surprise, Tenalirama instead of fearing, began to laugh. Whereupon Kali asked him in a stern voice, "Why do you
laugh?" Tenalirama replied, "Mother, each one of we the human being have one nose but two hands. Yet, when we catch cold, we find it very difficult to blow our single nose with our two hands. I just
wondered how you who have one thousand noses would be able to manage with your two hands if you catch cold. This very thought made me laugh. So, kindly forgive me." Kalika Devi, immensely pleased with the sense
of humour and courage of Tenalirama, spoke to him,"My son do not be worried. You will master all learning skills and attain fame as a VIKATAKAVI and make people laugh. And the boy said readily "Mighty
goddess, you have given me a very fine boon. The word VI KA TA KA VI which means jester, if spelt from left to right or from right to left it sounds the same. The goddess was all the more pleased about this and
said, "For your intelligence you shall be a court-jester and all those who will be present in the king's assembly shall ever praise you for your wit.
"She also said," I have two bowls one
filled with honey and other with milk. You can have one of these. The honey will give you untold wealth whereas the milk will give you knowledge. Which one do you want?" Tenali thought for a while. He
said," I find it difficult to decide which one I should take. Please allow me to taste them so that I can decide. Goddess Kali forwarded both the honey and milk . Tenali immediately grabbed both the milk and
honey and drank them. Thus, Tenali came into being both a wise man and immensely wealthy person. (Please note that this scene is depicted as logo on our home page.)
After having said so, the goddess vanished.
After getting the blessings of Goddess Kali, Tenalirama and his mother went to Vijayanagar. Krishnadevaraya, who ascended the throne of Vijayanagar empire in 1509, was very generous to men of genius.Tenalirama too
learnt that artists, scholars and experts enjoyed the royal patronage. Hence, he realized that only by showing his talents he can catch the eye of the king. So, Tenalirama was looking for an opportune time. Everyday
he used to wait near the main gate of the palace looking for an opportunity. Countless days passed like this without getting an opportunity. At last he got an opportunity.
Tenalirama becomes the court jester.
Once, a famous dance troupe from Tanjore came to Vijayanagar to give a performance in the king's court. Tenalirama learnt that the troupe is going to stage a play called Krishna Leela. Tenalirama who was
waiting for an opportunity to meet the King, chalked out a plan. Dressed himself like a cowherd boy, and with a big churn on his shoulder, strode inside the palace. The guard in the main gate shouted at him,"
Who are you and how dare you are to enter in without getting prior permission? Tenalirama replied," I am also a member of the troupe, which has just entered in. They are going to stage a play before the king. I
am going to assume the role of a cowherd. So, please allow me to go in." The guard hesitated to allow him. Suddenly, an idea struck to Tenalirama's mind. He displayed a small comic role before the guard. The
guard was very happy. He took advantage of the situation and told the guard," I am a great jester and the king will appreciate my performance and give me a prize. I will give half of what the king grants to
me." The guard agreed for the deal and let him in. Tenalirama was very happy and moved forward. When he reached the entrance of the auditorium, another guard prevented him going in. And he made the same promise
to the second guard and got him allowed inside.The play, Krishna Leela was in progress and the king was also present there. In a particular scene Krishna stands in front of all the other characters of the play. The
other characters were singing song in praise of Him. At that moment, Tenalirama struck on the back of the actor who was playing the role of Lord Krishna. The actor lost balance and fell on the ground. Without
wasting any time, Tenalirama singing and dancing uttered these sentences:" Are you Krishna? I was told that you have received several blows from the churn of many herd maids and have slain Kaleeya and Kamsa.
But, how is it that you are not able to bear one single blow from my churn? Krishnadevaraya and those who were assembled there felt boring with the play and were sleepy. But, on seeing the comic role-played by
Tenalirama, they all burst with laughter. Encouraged by this, Tenalirama once again raised the churn at Krishna. Krishna fell at the feet of Tenalirama and prayed to be spared. All the audience laughed to their
heart's content. Krishnadevaraya pleased with the performance of the cowherd boy, announced a special prize to him.The leader of the troupe was amazed, at this announcement. He revealed to the king that the jester
does not belong to their troupe. Then, Tenalirama with folded hands said humbly, Your highness," it is true and I agree with the statement of the leader of the troupe. Please forgive me." On hearing this,
Krishnadevaraya got wild and ordered," Give this impersonator a hundred lash. That is his reward. When the servants got ready to whip, Tenalirama, pleaded with the king that the palace guards might be summoned
before executing the punishment. His request was honoured. Tenali asked them," Did I not promise to give each of you, half of whatever the king gave me as prize?" The two guards nodded their heads. Then,
Tenalirama told the king that the guards should also get their due share. While the guards were taken by sudden surprise, others laughed loudly.The king had his own doubt. He asked Tenalirama to explain the real
reason behind all these happenings. Tenalirama, gave an account of his history. Krishnadevaraya, praised his sincerity, sense of humour and straightforwardness and appointed him as the court jester. Thus, Tenalirama
as blessed by the Kalika Devi became a famous court jester.
Tenalirama's outspokenness.
Krishnadevaraya, arranged to construct a new reservoir. After the construction of the same was over, he along
with his officials went to inspect the reservoir. He was very happy to see a vast area covered with water and asked his officials,"How does the water in this reservoir look like?One official said,"The
water in this reservoir is so pure that it is comparable to the purity of God only. Another one told, "The water is crystal clear and is glittering. Like this, each one commented according to their imagination.
On Tenalirama's turn he told the king,"Your Highness, the water has taken the shape of the reservoir you have built. Without indulging in flattery, Tenalirama gave a pertinent answer. The king liked his plain
talk and extolled him.
Shrewdness of Tenali saves his life.
One day, Tenalirama incurred the extreme displeasure of the king, for overdoing his part. He ordered his servants that Tenalirama must be
made to be trampled by an elephant. The servants of the palace, took him to an open plain outside the city. They dug a deep pit there and buried him in it, leaving only his face, projecting above the ground. They
then returned to the city to fetch an elephant for treading over Tenalirama. In the interval, a hunch-backed washerman happened to pass that way. He, after seeing Tenalirama in that particular posture, wanted to
find out the reason for that. When asked for the reason, Tenalirama replied, "I have a hunch-back for a very long time. In order to correct the defect, a doctor left me buried here thus. I have lost my curve
and become straight now. You can dig me up and see for yourself whether it is so or not." The washerman did accordingly and to his surprise he did not find any bend in Tenalirama's body. Then, the washerman
begged him that he may also be buried in the pit, so that his body too might become erect. Without any delay Tenalirama fulfilled his desire, and returned to the king with the washerman’s bundle on his hand. The
king was very much astonished to see Tenalirama. He asked him, "How could it be possible that you are still alive? By now, you should have been trampled to death by an elephant!" The jester replied with a
cool obeisance, "The order was so, but an honest washerman has obligingly taken my place and this is the bundle which he entrusted to me. The king could not control his laughter and excused his jester.
Teaching a lesson to the greedy pandits.
King Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagar had great respect for his mother. His mother was a very orthodox woman. She had given a lot of things in charity. In her old
age, she thought that it would be perfect if she gave away fruits as gifts to others on an auspicious day. She told her son of her desire. Krishnadevaraya arranged to get delicious mangoes from Ratnagiri. But, on
the chosen auspicious day, the king's mother died.The king called the pandits and told them about his mother's last unfulfilled wish. The greedy pandits suggested that, his mother's soul will rest in peace, only if
he offers mangoes made of gold, as gifts to the pandits, on the day of his mother's ceremony.Tenalirama came to know of this. The next day he went to the houses of those pandits. He told them that his mother's
ceremony also falls on the same day as that of the king's mother and asked to come to his house straight from the palace.The pandits came to Tenalirama's house after receiving the golden mangoes from the
king.Tenalirama's servants closed all the doors. Tenalirama told the pandits that his mother who was suffering from unbearable rheumatic pain asked him to burn her skin with a red hot iron bar so that she may be
relieved of the pain. But, he could not fulfil her last wish, as she died. In order that her soul may rest in peace, I intend to burn your skin with red-hot iron bar. At that time, a servant who was holding the red
hot iron bar on his hand approached the pandits. The pandits got terrified and shouted that it was not good on the part of Tenalirama to do injustice to his guests. He told them that," if receiving the golden
mangoes, to fulfil the last wish of Rajmatha is correct, receiving the burning with the hot iron bar, to fulfil the last wish of my mother, is also correct."The pandits felt ashamed and requested Tenalirama to
forgive them. They also left all the golden mangoes and went away.When Krishnadevaraya enquired about this incident, Tenalirama replied that I, only prevented these greedy people from exploiting the public money.
The public money is meant to serve the needy and not to feed the lazy. So saying, he returned all the golden mangoes recovered from the pandits.
Appearing with his head concealed.
One day Tenalirama
visited the picture gallery in the palace. He was looking at some newly painted coloured pictures exhibited on the wall. He saw a picture of a nymph. Some portions of the picture was not to his taste. So, with brush
and colours he made some changes on it. The minister who happened to go there at that time, saw this. He informed the king about the incident. The king felt very angry and ordered that Tenalirama is to be presented
before him immediately. When Tenalirama appeared before him, the king pointed out his mistake and shouted, "Don't show your wretched face, any more here. The jester withdrew at once. But reappeared after some
time, with his head and face completely hidden in a large-mouthed mud pot. The king was not able to recognize who the person was and asked for his name and the reason for hiding his face and head with a mud pot.
Then, the person replied," I am Tenalirama. As your highness did not want to see my face, I have completely hidden them with this mud pot. I trust my hated face does not offend your eyes any more." On
hearing Tenalirama's defence statement, the whole court including Krishnadevaraya laughed aloud.
Rearing a colt.
King Krishnadevaraya got a supply of colts. He distributed them to a group of chosen
people, in such a way that each will get one colt.Tenalirama, was also one among them. This group of people was allowed to draw three pagodas per month for bringing up the colt. While every one put full efforts and
began to bring up the animal excellently, Tenalirama kept the animal in a small room, which was completely closed on all the sides, except for a very small opening on one wall. He also provided a small tub inside
the room. Every morning and evening, he used to feed the animal with a handful of grass through the opening on the wall. He also poured a little water in the tub provided inside the room. After sometime,
Krishnadevaraya ordered them to bring and exhibit their colts. Accordingly, all of them except Tenalirama brought their colts and exhibited them. All those colts were fat and fleshy with shiny hair and were very
active. Krishnadevaraya called Tenalirama and asked, "Why have you not brought your animal?" Tenalirama replied, "No one can approach and catch hold of my colt. If you will provide me the help of a
brave soldier, I shall go and fetch my colt." And the king honoured his request. The soldier chosen for this duty had a long and slender beard. The jester took him to the place where the colt was kept. He asked
him to look at it through the small opening. The soldier did so, thrusting his face in the opening. Thinking that grass was being offered to it, the colt bounding suddenly, caught hold of the soldier's beard.The
soldier began to cry aloud. Tenalirama ran to the palace and told the king, "the colt has caught hold of your soldier and will not leave him off. The poor man is crying piteously." Then Krishnadevaraya
accompanied by his minister Appaji went to the spot to have a personal inspection.Then according to the king's instruction the wall was pulled down, and the soldier was released. But, the king was really astonished
to see the colt that had caused so much trouble. It was finding it difficult even to stand on its legs. The king questioned Tenalirama, " Have you not fed the colt properly? It has become so weak. He answered
readily,"You see how unmanageable the colt is, even when so sparingly fed. Your strongest soldier himself is unable to control it. Had it been well fed, whom you will find to upkeep the animal?" The bold
answer of Tenalirama astonished the king and his anger also got subsided.
Tenali cleverly escapes from exile.
On yet another occasion, Krishnadevaraya was very much angry with Tenalirama. He asked
Tenalirama to leave his country itself. Tenalirama obeyed the king's order and started his journey.After some days, Krishnadevaraya riding on his horse, was going through a forest. At that time, he saw a person
climbing to the top of a tree. He found that the person was no other than Tenalirama. His anger towards Tenalirama was not yet subsided and so he said very sternly," I asked you to go out of this country. But
why are you still here?Tenalirama answered very intelligently,"Your highness, I have travelled the entire world. But, all the people whom I asked told the same answer,"It is under krishnadevaraya's
empire.So, not knowing where to go, I was just climbing up the tree to reach the other world itself. Listening to this the king laughed aloud. He excused him and ordered him to return to the court.
Tenalirama robs the robberers' labour!
On one night, some thieves entered Tenalirama's house and were hiding in the back yard of his house. They were only waiting for the opportune time, to enter
in and rob. Tenalirama, sensed that and hence collected all the money, jewels, silk clothes and other costly things. Then, he called his wife and said in a voice loud enough for the thieves to hear,
"Of late, there are more incidence of robbery taking place in this city. Hence, we shall collect all our valuables and keep inside the well in our garden. We shall take it out again after the fear
is over." Then he filled up a big box with some heavy unwanted trash. They dragged the box to the well in the garden and threw it into the well with a heavy splash. The thieves, who were
carefully obserbing all this, heard the splashing sound also. So, they decided not to enter inside the house. Instead, they wanted to get into the well and take away the box. With very great eagerness,
one of them got into the well, and found that the water was very deep.They realised that, the box can be easily taken out, only after baling out the water. Accordingly, the thieves spent the entire
night to draw water from the well. Since, all the water drawn from the well was poured into the garden, all the plants in the garden got irrigated. To their disappointment, the water level in the
well never went down to the extent they expected. When the day was about to dawn, Tenalirama cried aloud, "The whole garden has been well irrigated and you may stop now, drawing further water. On
hearing these words, the thieves ran away, Tenalirama's presence of mind and consequent swift action saved his valuables being robbed off from his house.
Tenalirama and the egoistic scholar.
There was a renowned scholar of Kashi, named Vidyasagar. He was well versed in all subjects. He had also travelled to many parts of North India and had defeated several scholars in the debates. Once,
he came to Vijayanagar along with his disciples. At Vijayanagar, the king welcomed him as his guest, with due respect.
During his conversation with the king, Vidyasagar said," Your Highness,
I have heard of the eminent scholars of your court. I will be pleased to participate in a debating contest, with your scholars. If I am defeated in the contest, I will surrender all my titles to
them. If it is on the other way, they must accept me as their master." His utterance created dismay in the minds of all the learned men in the court.
Krishnadevaraya agreed to have the
contest on the next day and sent Vidyasagar to the guest house. Then, he called all the scholars of his court and asked them," Who are all ready for the debate? The scholars bent down their
heads in silence. Seeing their inability, the king got enraged. But, Tenalirama came forward to meet the challange of Vidyasagar. Though Krishnadevaraya was surprised at his decision, he made necessary
arrangements for the contest.
Next day, Tenalirama along with the other great scholars entered the court with pomp and show. He was very elegantly dressed. The scholars who followed Tenalirama,
were shouting slogans in praise of him. Tenalirama was carrying a big book covered with silk lace. This scene made Vidyasagar, dumbfounded.
As per schedule, the king signalled for the debate to begin.
At once, Tenalirama, pointing his finger at the book on a desk, invited Vidyasagar for a debate on that book. When Vidyasagar was curious to know the name of the book, Tenalirama revealed its name
as "Thilakashtamahishabandhana". The scholar from kashi had never heard of this book. At the same time, he did not want to face the defeat so soon. So, he told the king, "Your Highness, I
remember to have read this book long back. I need sometime for me to refresh. Hence, I may be permitted to have this discussion tomorrow." The king honoured his request. Vidyasagar and his
disciples returned back to their camp.
The name of the book, was indeed a riddle for him. He was certain that, he will embrace the defeat on the next day. Hence, to avoid the disgrace in front of
others, he and his disciples ran away from Vijayanagar on the same night.
The king was very much surprised to hear this. He asked Tenalirama to bring that book which made the scholar to run away.
Tenalirama carried it to the court. In front of the king he removed the silk cloth with which it was covered.To the surprise of all, there was no book. On the other hand, there was a sesame stick
tied with a rope. On seeing this Krishnadevaraya wanted an explanation from Tenalirama. Then Tenalirama explained by identifying each item," My Lord, This is the 'Tilakashta', the sesame stick and
this one is the 'mahishabandhana' a rope which is normally used to tie the buffalo. 'Tilakashtamahishabandhana', simply meant,' tied up sesame stick'."Then, the king laughed to his heart's
content. He thanked Tenalirama for saving the prestige of the country, and honoured him with valuable gifts.
(Tila, kashta, mahisha and bandhana are sanskit words and they correspondingly mean as
sesame, stick, buffalo and that which binds (a rope).
Tenali subjugates a wrestler's arrogance.
In those days, Kings used to patronise wrestling contests. Court wrestlers belonging to various
kingdom used to participate in the contest. Each one of the wrestler will prove his might to win the contest. There was a famous wrestler named Atisura. He, to his merit, had conquered the court
wrestlers of various kingdom.
Once, he came to Krishnadevaraya's kingdom. He was wearing lot of medals and badges which he got by winning several contests. When the court wrestlers saw him,
they got alarmed and were in a great fix. Tenalirama, on seeing them with a low spirit,asked them for the reason ? They said: "Till this time we have been enjoying the patronage of the king. But
now, we see some threat to that. A wrestler named Atisura has come in our way. What shall we do?" Tenalirama said, " You don't have to worry. Give me all your badges and follow me." He
then put on all the badges, and assuming the name of Virakesary, took up his position with his followers in a tent opposite to that of Atisura.
Atisura saw Virakesary and his followers. He thought
to himself that, "The leader of the group seems to be my rival. First of all, I must ascertain his merit." So, he sent word to Virakesari, asking for his permission to meet him.
Virakesari, made it known through the messenger that, he is interested to meet Atisura on the next day, in Krishnadevaraya's court only. On hearing this, Atisura started guessing about the ability of
Virakesari.
Next day, Atisura and Virakesari appeared in the court to show their skill to the king and the audience. Then Virakesari asked Atisura: "Is your method of wrestling a scientific
one or the physical-force method?" Atisura replied, "I follow the scientific method only." Then Virakesari said: "I shall show some symbols of the scientific method of wrestling. Only
if you are capable of explaining the meaning of theose symbols, I shall deem it fit to wrestle with you." Atisura accepted the challange. Thereupon, Virakesary made to close all the fingers of
Atisura's right hand, and hit his own chest with it. Then, he placed his opponent's two palms over his own shoulders, described a circle round his neck with the front finger, showed his right palm
hanging upside down up to the hip, and waved his left fist. Atisura saw all these symbols, but could not make anything out of that. He tried to recollect all the symbols that he had learnt in
wrestling, but in vain. Victorious Tenalirama, accompanied by his followers, with very loud drums beat, entered his tent. The next day, Krishnadevaraya asked, "Tenalirama! What is the meaning of
those symbols which you displayed yesterday?" In reply to his question,Tenalirama showing those symbols again, explained, "Atisura! If I face you, you will kill me by pounding on my chest
and I will drop down stretched on the ground, with my face upwards. Then, who will protect my wife and child. On hearing this, Krishnadevaraya's laugh knew know bounds.
Painting with a difference.
Krishnadevaraya built a beautiful mansion. He arranged for the painting of the walls of the mansion with appropriate pictures. After the completion of the entire painting works, the painter
intimated the fact to the king. One day, Krishnadevaraya accompanied by his ministers and others went to the mansion. He was going through several parts of that house, and was admired by the
workmanship of the painter and other artisans.Tenalirama noticed a picture which was painted sideways. Immediately he expressed to the king," Your Highness! This picture displays the limbs of only
one side. Where are those of the other side?" In reply to this, the king said sarcastically,"You must imagine it all. Don't you know this?" Tenalirama with apparent sincerity said,
"Yes my lord! now, I understand it. After a long time,Tenalirama told Krishnadevaraya," My Lord! from the day we visited your new mansion, I have developed enthusiasm in painting and I
have started practicing it, also. I have become an expert in it now and I will be pleased if you could witness some of my beautiful executions." "Indeed!" exclaimed the king.
The
king then entrusted to him the entire responsibility of painting the walls of a mansion. He instructed Tenalirama to remove the old faded paintings and in its place to paint new ones. Tenalirama then
rubbed away all the beautiful original paintings. He painted a nail in one place, a finger in another place, a hand in a third; thus, in his own way he filled the whole house with his paintings and
completely spoiled its look. He then went to Krishnadevaraya and said: "I have finished all my paintings.You please make a visit to see them all." The King taking it to be true, visits the
building accompanied by several people. On seeing the pictures, he commented, "What! Tenalirama! I dont' see any beautiful paintings. Instead, I see only odd limbs and fragments."
Tenalirama said: "You must imagine all the other portions to exist on the other side. It seems you have forgotten that obvious thing?" On hearing Tenalirama's reply, the king felt that the same
words which he uttered long back was reverberating back on his ears. Even though the king felt very angry with Tenalirama for spoiling the whole building, he left the place without reacting.
|
